Frequency distribution in the 800 MHz range. Permitted and prohibited ranges in radio communications. Network settings, then select the standard (LTE, UMTS, etc.), set the "Manual" mode and start ticking the ranges, checking the RSSI signal strength on

Development of standards GSM 900, GSM E900, GSM 1800 contributed to the improvement of communication channels, but did not solve the problem of access to the Internet at the level that is required by modern people.

These standards belonged to the second generation (2G), in which the EDGE and GPRS protocols were used for data transmission, which made it possible to achieve speeds up to 473.6 Kbps - catastrophically low for a modern user.

Today cellular standards one of the most important requirements is the data rate and signal purity. Obviously, this affects the development of the mobile operator market. This is how 3G networks appeared in Russia at one time, which gained massive attention of users. And now it is for this reason that the number of people choosing 4G is increasing.

Feature of the UMTS standard

The main feature that distinguishes the UMTS standard from GSM is that the use of WCDMA, HSPA +, HSDPA protocols enables users to get access to a better mobile Internet. At speeds from 2 to 21 Mbps, you can not only transfer more data, but even make video calls.

UMTS covers over 120 largest Russian cities. This is the standard in which currently popular mobile operators (MTS, Beeline, MegaFon and Skylink) provide 3G Internet service.

It's no secret that high frequencies are more efficient for data exchange. However, Russia has its own nuances that make it impossible to use in some regions, for example, the UMTS frequency of 2100 MHz.

The reason is simple: frequency UMTS 2100, which is actively used for 3G Internet, quickly sits on obstacles. This means that not only the distance to the base stations, but also the increased vegetation interferes with the quality signal. In addition, some regions are practically closed for this frequency due to the operation of air defense systems. So, in the south-western part of the Moscow region, several military bases are located, and, accordingly, an unspoken taboo has been introduced on the use of this frequency.

In such a situation, for the 3G Internet, UMTS 900... Waves in this frequency range have a higher penetrating power. At the same time, at such a frequency, the data transfer rate rarely reaches 10 Mbps. Nevertheless, considering that a few years ago in many cities they could not even think about Internet coverage, this is not so bad.

At the moment, with the popular UMTS900, Huawei E352 and the more stable version of the E352b show excellent results, as well as E372, E353, E3131, B970b, B260a, E367, E392, E3276.

LTE: in what bands will the future standard work?

The logical development of UMTS was the development in 2008-2010. LTE is a new standard whose goal is to improve signal processing speed and throughput, and technically to simplify the network architecture and thereby reduce data transfer time. In Russia, the LTE network was officially launched in 2012.

It is the LTE technology that determines the development of the new generation mobile Internet in our country - 4G. This means access to online broadcasts, fast transfer of large files and other advantages of the modern Internet.

At the moment, 4G Internet is supported by the LTE 800, LTE 1800, LTE 2600 standards, and the LTE Cat.4, Cat.5, Cat.6 protocols are used. This allows, in theory, to obtain a data transfer rate of up to 100 Mbit / s on upload and up to 50 Mbit / s on reception.

High LTE frequencies become an ideal solution for regions where the population density is quite high and where such data transfer rate is very important. These include, for example, large industrial cities. However, if all operators begin to work only in the range LTE 2600- there will be a problem with the radio signal coverage immediately.

Now residents of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Krasnodar, Novosibirsk, Sochi, Ufa and Samara can take advantage of 4G technology. On the territory of Russia, Yota became one of the first operators to develop the fourth generation of mobile standards. Now such large operators as Megafon and MTS have joined them.

Development is considered optimal today LTE 1800: This frequency is more economical and allows new companies offering mobile services to enter the market. It is even cheaper to build networks at 800 MHz. Thus, one can predict what exactly LTE 800 and LTE 1800 will be the most popular among operators and, accordingly, with you and me.

LTE frequencies of various mobile operators

- Megaphone: frequencies LTE 742.5-750 MHz / 783.5-791 MHz, 847-854.5 MHz / 806-813.5 MHz, 2530-2540 MHz / 2650-2660 MHz, 2570-2595 MHz (license for Moscow and the Moscow region );

- MTS: frequencies LTE 720-727.5 MHz / 761-768.5 MHz, 839.5-847 MHz / 798.5-806 MHz, 1710-1785 MHz / 1805-1880 MHz, 2540-2550 MHz / 2660-2670 MHz, 2595 -2620 MHz (license for Moscow and the Moscow region);

- Beeline: frequencies LTE 735-742.5 MHz / 776-783.5 MHz, 854.5-862 MHz / 813.5-821 MHz, 2550-2560 MHz / 2670-2680 MHz.

Rostelecom: LTE frequencies 2560-2570 / 2680-2690 MHz.

Yota: LTE frequencies 2500-2530 / 2630-2650 MHz.

Tele2: frequencies 791-798.5 / 832 - 839.5 MHz.

Amplification of a signal at different frequencies

When you find yourself in an area of ​​poor signal reception or a long distance away from your operator's base station, you cannot do without an additional antenna.

Directional antennas UMTS 900 signal has an elementary complete set and can significantly increase the level of communication. At the same time, not only the Internet connection becomes more stable, but also the quality of voice transmission during a telephone conversation. You cannot do without a UMTS 2100 antenna if you want to use the Internet while traveling: due to the constant switching from tower to tower, the data transfer rate drops dramatically.

Directional LTE 800 antennas and LTE 1800 antennas- the best option for amplifying the 4G signal at the appropriate frequencies. These standards have higher penetration and signal range.

Nevertheless, the data transfer rate is higher for the LTE 2600, due to which 80% of Moscow users have already switched to this standard. And purchase LTE 2600 antennas is a prerequisite for those who have chosen 4G LTE 2600 (Megafon, MTS, Beeline, Rostelecom, Yota) in order to get the maximum speed of the Internet. AmplifierLTEsignal will provide guaranteed stable data transmission at high frequencies.

Solutions from GSM-Repeaters.RU

LTE 800

Speech summary Victor Glushko, head of the working group "National Radio Association", deputy. General Director of Geyser Scientific and Production Company LLC, Frequency spectrum allocation for LTE networks"at the Second International Business Forum" Evolution of mobile networks LTE Russia & CIS 2010 ", May 25-26, 2010.

I am presenting a fragment of the synopsis in the part concerning the 800 MHz range.

There are known problems of obtaining the frequency spectrum in Russia. But the problem is complex even without national peculiarities, as a rule, after the appearance of a new technology, the process of searching for frequencies for its implementation begins. Frequency resources are almost always in short supply, there is not a single meeting of the World Radiocommunication Conference, where the issues of additional allocation of frequencies for IMT mobile radio systems would not be discussed. The 2012 conference will also address this issue, in particular the use of the 800 MHz band for mobile land systems.

Although, in general, the topic of frequency distribution is an endless topic, the issue of using frequencies in Russia is, as they say, "ripe". So at the next meeting of the board of the SCRF, it is planned to make a decision on the creation of experimental LTE zones in Russia and make the appropriate frequency assignments (as we now know, this meeting was not destined to take place).

Meanwhile, it is roughly clear where you can look and what can be expected in terms of the prospects for the use of frequencies. The data that will be presented below is based on studies that were carried out by the NRA in early 2010 with respect to the entire frequency range, which, in principle, can be used for the deployment of mobile communication systems of the LTE standard.

Thinking about the use of frequencies to create LTE in Russia, one cannot but take into account what is happening with LTE in Europe. The situation there has already been sufficiently defined.

It is planned to use the 800 MHz low-frequency band to cover large areas with low population density, and the 2.6 GHz band to ensure adequate network capacity in large cities.

Here I would like to deviate from the summary of Mr. Glushko's speech and slightly develop the topic regarding the use of the 800 MHz band in Europe.

In May 2010, the European Commission adopted a regulation establishing harmonized technical rules for EU member states regarding the designation of radio frequencies in the 800 MHz range that would facilitate the deployment of high-speed wireless Internet services without causing interference. The Commission supported the use of the 790 - 862 MHz band (which is currently used by most EU member states for terrestrial television broadcasting) for electronic communications services and is interested in European countries to move quickly, as coordinated management of this radio spectrum can provide economic benefits up to EUR 44 billion for the EU economy, as well as to contribute to the achievement of the strategic goals of the EC 2020 program in terms of high-speed broadband access for all by the end of 2013 (with a gradual increase in speeds up to 30 Mbps and higher by 2020).

Telecommunications experts are confident that providing mobile broadband coverage in the 800 MHz range is 70% cheaper than on the frequencies used in 3G / WCDMA networks.

It is important to make a reservation that the decision in itself does not oblige the EU member states to provide the 790 - 862 MHz range for telecommunication services. However, the Telefonica O2 pilot project in the United Kingdom is already known (previously, O2 conducted LTE tests in the 2.6 GHz band for several months).

Even more indicative is the auction for the sale of frequencies for the creation of mobile broadband access systems in Germany.

Frequencies in four bands were put up for auction, but the main struggle ensued for lots in the 800 MHz range, for which the maximum amount of money was paid (the total amount received by Germany from the 800 MHz auction was 4.4 billion euros).

Known tests of LTE in the 800 MHz range, which are conducted in Germany by Vodafone. Now, after acquiring a 2x10 MHz band in this range, the company intends to start building LTE in rural Germany.

(I will deliberately ignore the 2.6 GHz band and its use in Europe in this article. There will still be a reason to return to its consideration).

Let's go back to the speech of Viktor Glushko. In Europe, the issues of using (re-using) the 1800 MHz frequency range for LTE have not been removed from consideration, but the level of activity in this direction is small, compared to the two bands - 800 MHz and 2100 MHz.

With regard to other bands and the world in general.

In China, there are real chances of using the 2.3 GHz band. The 1.5 GHz and 700 MHz bands are rather exotic, they will be used, respectively, in Japan and the USA.

Again, I will deviate from the summary.

In Japan, NTT DoCoMo does have plans for 1.5 GHz, but only in terms of expanding network coverage. Initially, construction of the NTT network will start in the 2.1 GHz band.

In general, with regard to the use of frequencies in different bands for the construction of LTE systems in the world, there are very different plans. Here are two slides to illustrate this:

Here, the area of ​​sectors is determined by the number of operators who have announced their plans to build LTE networks in certain frequency ranges. Unfortunately, I have no breakdowns by operator, so the reliability and relevance of the slide leaves some questions.

I will return to the summary of the speech.

We have a big problem with the 1.5 GHz band in Russia. The 700 MHz range will still be able to see what's wrong with it. So the list of potentially interesting bands for LTE for Russia may look like this:

800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2300 MHz, 2400 MHz and 2600 MHz.

Let's take a closer look at the situation with the 800 MHz range (790 - 862 MHz) in Russia. This range is often referred to as the "digital dividend". It should be understood that such a name came from the idea of ​​part of humanity that as a result of replanning the broadcasting range, some additional resource will arise. The frequency range for analog broadcasting when switching to digital turns out to be excessive, it would seem, it is fair to expect the appearance of free frequencies. Based on this, Western countries have formed a certain policy of promoting the 790-862 MHz range in Europe and 869-806 MHz in the USA for the development of mobile broadband access. Moreover, LTE was not specifically mentioned in the solutions, usually speaking about these bands, they say UMT or mobile broadband access. But given the current trend, we can assume that we are talking about LTE, first of all.

So, a certain "digital dividend" has formed, which, strictly speaking, has not been formed in Russia. The fact is that our use of the range for analog broadcasting was not complete due to the large number of military equipment. The range is almost completely occupied by such means.

If you say now “broadcasters, you have a dividend, share the spectrum”, then the expected answer would be “leave me alone, we don’t have enough”. It would seem that you can put an end to this. But there is another factor as well. Broadcasting, by its nature, cannot be combined with those RES, primarily for military purposes, that are present in this band. Cellular networks, on the other hand, can. And there are examples of successful combinations, as many remember, in this range AMPS / DAMPS networks have successfully worked in Russia. This probably gives hope that the band could try to look for bands for civilian mobile broadband systems. And that preliminary express analysis, which was carried out, showed that in the range of 790 - 862 MHz it is possible to find 2 * 10 MHz frequency duplex, which could be used for the deployment of a mobile broadband access system of the LTE standard.

Unfortunately, 10 MHz is very little, it is hardly appropriate to build on this some kind of state program or submit it to a competition, since this frequency band is hardly enough for one operator. So another idea came up. It is connected with the fact that "move" to the American range, dropping below the 790 MHz range - up to 698 MHz. In this case, the results of the express analysis say that it is possible to obtain bands for two operators (i.e. 2 x 2x10 MHz FDD). This is already something.

There are, of course, problems here. Firstly, the fact that in this case we are moving "perpendicularly" to Europe is not news to us, of course, and not scary. Secondly, here we are stepping on the legal rights of broadcasters, since the third multiplex, which they are now trying to form for digital broadcasting, will climb into this strip. Some frequency blocks in the band from 698 to 790 MHz, they will already be considered by broadcasters. The analysis was carried out at the NRA in order to determine the possibilities. Decisions will be made later, taking into account the results that will be obtained in the experimental zones. (This concludes the citation of the summary of Viktor Glushko's speech).

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

My opinion. It is the 800 MHz band that would be ideal for the development of mobile broadband access systems in Russia in territories outside the cities of one million people - we would not lose "compatibility" with Europe, in particular, with Germany, which would provide a good choice of subscriber devices, as well as the possibility of roaming with Europe.
But another thing is more important - it is in this range to build the LTE system most cost-effectively. And such construction could serve to reduce the digital inequality of Russian citizens, the level of which today is largely determined by the place of residence. For this, the state would have to deal with the conversion and clearing of this frequency range in order to harmonize it with the outside world. And in this regard, to be honest, I do not expect any serious progress, unfortunately. Can you hope that I'm wrong?

As a result of a short search, a list of VHF frequencies was formed, where I do not go with my radio (from the word "in general") and where I do not, but in the case of a power supply unit it is possible and necessary. It is clear that in forbidden bands, almost everyone works in a closed (coded) manner, and many do not work in radiotelephony mode at all, so there is nothing to do there - neither for reception, nor (even more so) for transmission. In the list, I left only those bands in which I can theoretically get into with my walkie-talkie (for your available ranges, search for the forbidden yourself). Who sits on which of them specifically, I will not write - just do not climb there, period. This is the Ministry of Internal Affairs and FAPSI. I also do not indicate the discreteness in the frequency bands, because there is no need:

Prohibited frequency ranges:
139.174 - 139.242 MHz
148.000 - 149.000 MHz
149.000 - 149.900 MHz
157.875 MHz
162.7625 - 163.200 MHz
168.500 - 171.150 MHz
169.455 MHz
169.462 MHz
171.150 - 173.000 MHz
173.000 - 174.000 MHz
406.000 - 406.100 MHz

In addition, the strip "Space - Earth" ( 136.000 - 137.000 MHz) and the strip "Earth - Space" ( 406,000 – 406.100 MHz, it is exclusively for satellite distress beacons).

Further - the channels of the marine range:
– 156.325 MHz (it is not actually a channel of the maritime band, but it falls into it; what happens there on it - I HZ);
– 156.300 MHz - Service channel 06 for ship control. It can be used for communication between ships and aircraft during search and rescue operations, so don't go there with your PTT button;
– 156.525 MHz - special channel 70 - it is prohibited to work in radiotelephone mode (used to transmit digital selective call, the marine analogue of DSC SMS messages);
– 156.800 MHz - Channel 16, the international VHF distress, safety and calling frequency in the maritime mobile service for radiotelephony. She is also for the search and rescue of manned spacecraft. Bounded on both sides by two forbidden guard stripes (channel 75 - guard strip 156.762 – 156.7875 MHz and channel 76 - guard band 156.8125 – 156.8375 MHz).

In addition, it should be remembered that some of the channels in the maritime band are not intended for simplex communication, but for duplex ( 1–7, 18–28, 39, 60–66, 78–88 ), and in general: work on transmission in the sea range from the shore to anyone is prohibited. You go out to sea - at least on anything (an airbag or a surfboard) - then you can. True, you can still run into it - they will catch it, spread it apart, blow it in and then blow it in again.

Just in case, here are the forbidden frequencies (my walkie-talkie is inaccessible, but still let them lie down here, all of a sudden, who needs it):
243.000 MHz
300.200 MHz
254.000 ; 254.685; 380.000; 393.100 MHz is the RF Ministry of Defense
273.000 – 300.000; 300.000 – 390.000 MHz - bands of FAPSI, government communications, security and defense of the Russian Federation. They also include different, narrower subbands with different discreteness steps; there is nothing to meddle in there at all.

145.500 MHz is the common calling frequency for radio amateurs. However, it is possible to work on transmission there only if you have an official RL callsign and with a registered radio.

It is clear that the list is far from complete(and it cannot be complete). In addition, I can not vouch for its current reliability - for, as one literary character said, "time flows, and we go with it." It is necessary to check, search.

A separate list of emergency frequencies in the 2 m and 70 cm bands for survivalists and PSU anticipators:
145.450 MHz(this is the Ministry of Emergencies, yeah)
145.945 MHz(??? hz)
433.450 MHz(16th channel LPD)

Newcomers do not understand the games that standards developers are playing. It would seem that it uses GSM frequencies 850, 1900, 900, 1800 MHz, what more? A quick answer - read the following section Phone instructions. The incorrectness of the generally accepted interpretation will be shown. The problem is described by the following provisions:

1. The second generation of 2G cellular communications has spawned a slew of standards. The world knows three epicenters that set the rhythm: Europe, North America, Japan. Russia adopted the standards of the first two, altering it.
2. The pedigree tree of standards is constantly expanding.
3. International versions of the standards are intended to combine the disparate rules of individual countries. Direct injection is often not possible. Governments are changing the legal framework by fixing frequency plans.

The foregoing explains the origins of the misunderstanding of the problem by beginners. Returning clarity to the question, let's build a simplified hierarchy of standards, indicating the frequencies used along the way.

Genealogy of standards

The following information is intended to explain to the layman the structure of the existing, extinct standards. The technologies used in Russia will be described below, in the following sections. The corresponding representatives of the tree that adorned the Russian forest are marked in bold.

1G

1. AMPS family: AMPS, NAMPS, TACS, ETACS.
2. Others: NMT, C-450, DataTAC, Hicap, Mobitex.

2G: 1992

1. GSM / 3GPP family: GSM, HSCSD, CSD.
2. 3GPP2 family: cdmaOne.
3. AMPS family: D-AMPS.
4. Others: iDEN, PHS, PDC, CDPD.

2G +

1. 3GPP / GSM family: GPRS, EDGE.
2. 3GPP2 family: CDMA2000 1x including Advanced.
3. Others: WiDEN, DECT.

3G: 2003

1. 3GPP family: UMTS.
2. 3GPP2 family: CDMA2000 1xEV-DO R. 0

3G +

1. 3GPP family: LTE, HSPA, HSPA +.
2. 3GPP2 family: CDMA2000 1xEV-DO R. A, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO R. B, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO R. C
3. IEEE family: Mobile WiMAX, Flash OFDM.

4G: 2013

1. 3GPP family: LTE-A, LTE-S Pro.
2. IEEE family: WiMAX.

5G: 2020

1. 5G-NR.

Short description

Genealogy allows for the tracing of extinct species. For example, modern authors often use the abbreviation GSM, misleading the reader. The technology is entirely limited to the second generation of cellular communications, an extinct species. The former frequencies with additions continue to be used by descendants. On December 1, 2016, Telstra in Australia stopped using GSM, becoming the world's first operator to fully upgrade its equipment. 80% of the world's population continues to be content with technology (according to the GSM Association). The example of their Australian colleagues on January 1, 2017 was followed by the American AT&T. This was followed by the suspension of the service by the operator Optus, on April 2017, Singapore recognized the inconsistency of 2G with the growing needs of the population.

So, the term GSM is used in relation to aging equipment that has flooded the Russian Federation. Descendant protocols can be named as descendants of GSM. The frequencies are preserved by the next generations. Punctures, information transfer methods are changing. Frequency allocation aspects associated with equipment upgrades are discussed below. It is obligatory to provide information allowing to establish the relationship of GSM.

Phone manual

Helpful information regarding the question will be provided by the phone manual. The corresponding section lists the supported frequencies. Individual devices will allow you to customize the reception area. You should choose a phone model that catches generally accepted Russian channels:

1. 900 MHz - E-GSM. The ascending branch is 880..915 MHz, the descending branch is 925..960 MHz.
2. 1800 MHz - DCS. Ascending branch - 1710..1785 MHz, descending - 1805..1880 MHz.

LTE technology adds a 2600 MHz region, an 800 MHz channel is introduced.

History of RF communication: frequencies

In 1983, the development of a European standard for digital communications began. As a reminder, the first generation of 1G used analog transmission. Thus, engineers developed the standard in advance, anticipating the history of the development of technology. Digital communication was born of the Second World War, more precisely, the Green Hornet encrypted transmission system. The military understood perfectly well: the era of digital technology was coming. Civilian industry caught the wind.

900 MHz

The European organization CEPT has established a GSM committee (Groupe Special Mobile). The European Commission has proposed the use of the 900 MHz spectrum. The developers settled in Paris. Five years later (1987), 13 EU countries submitted to Copenhagen a memorandum on the need to create a unified cellular network. The community decided to request GSM assistance. The first technical specification came out in February. The politicians of the four countries (May 1987) supported the project with the Bonn Declaration. The next short period (38 weeks) is filled with a general bustle, governed by four appointed persons:

1. Armin Silberhorn (Germany).
2. Philippe Dupoulis (France).
3. Renzo Failli (Italy).
4. Stephen Temple (Great Britain).

In 1989 the GSM commission leaves the custody of CEPT, becoming part of ETSI. On July 1, 1991, the former Prime Minister of Finland, Harry Holkeri, made the first call to a subscriber (Kaarina Suonio) using the services of the Radio Line provider.

1800 MHz

In parallel with the introduction of 2G, work was going on, designed to use the 1800 MHz region. The first network covered the UK (1993). At the same time, the Australian operator Telecom moved in.

1900 MHz

The frequency 1900 MHz was introduced by the USA (1995). The GSM association was created, the global number of subscribers reached 10 million people. A year later, the figure increased tenfold. The use of 1900 MHz prevented the introduction of the European version of UMTS.

800 MHz

The 800 MHz band appeared in 2002, in parallel with the introduction of the multimedia messaging service.

Attention, question!

What frequencies have become the Russian standard? The confusion is added by the lack of knowledge by the authors of the Runet of the standards adopted by the official developers. The direct answer is discussed above (see the section Telephone instructions), we describe the work of the mentioned organizations (section UMTS).

Why are there so many frequencies

Examining the results of 2010, the GSM Association stated: 80% of the world's subscribers are covered by the standard. This means that four fifths of the networks cannot select a single frequency. In addition, there are 20% alien communication standards. Where does the root of evil come from? The countries of the second half of the twentieth century developed in isolation. The frequencies of 900 MHz of the USSR were occupied by military, civil air navigation.

GSM: 900 MHz

In parallel with the development by Europe of the first versions of GSM, NPO Astra, Research Institute Radio, Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense started research, which ended with field tests. The delivered verdict:

• Possible joint operation of navigation and the second generation of cellular communication.

1. NMT-450.

Please note: again 2 standards. Each uses its own frequency grid. The announced tender for the distribution of GSM-900 was won by NPO Astra, OJSC MGTS (now MTS), Russian companies, Canadian BCETI.

NMT-450MHz - first generation

So, Moscow used, starting in 1992, the 900 MHz band (see above), because other GSM frequencies were not yet born. In addition NMT (Nordic Mobile Phones) ... Initially, the Nordic countries developed two options:

1. NMT-450.
2. NMT-900 (1986).

Why did the Russian government choose the first answer? Probably decided to try two ranges. Please note that these standards describe analog communication (1G). Development countries began to cover the shop in December 2000. Iceland (Siminn) was the last to surrender on September 1, 2010. Experts point out an important advantage of the 450 MHz band: range. A significant plus, assessed by remote Iceland. The Russian government wanted to cover the country's area with a minimum of towers.

The NMT is loved by fishermen. The vacated grid was occupied by digital CDMA 450. In 2015, Scandinavian technologies have mastered 4G. The Russian Uralvestcom vacated the closet on September 1, 2006, Sibirtelecom - January 10, 2008. Subsidiary (Tele 2) Skylink scores a range in the Perm and Arkhangelsk regions. The license expires in 2021.

D-AMPS: UHF (400..890 MHz) - second generation

US 1G networks using the AMPS specification refused to accept GSM. Instead, two alternatives have been developed to organize second generation mobile networks:

1. IS-54 (March 1990, 824-849; 869-894 MHz).
2. IS-136. Differs in a large number of channels.

The standard is now dead, everywhere replaced by descendants of GSM / GPRS, CDMA2000.

Why does a Russian need D-AMPS

The Russian man in the street often uses second-hand equipment. D-AMPS equipment has reached Tele 2 and Beeline warehouses. On November 17, 2007, the latter closed the shop for the Central Region. The license of the Novosibirsk region expired on December 31, 2009. The last swallow flew away on October 1, 2012 (Kaliningrad region). Kyrgyzstan used the range until March 31, 2015.

CDMA2000 - 2G +

Some protocol variants use:

1. Uzbekistan - 450 MHz.
2. Ukraine - 450; 800 MHz.

In the period December 2002 - October 2016 specifications 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (450 MHz) used Skylink. Now the infrastructure has been modernized, LTE has been introduced. On September 13, 2016, the world portals spread the news: Tele 2 stops using CDMA. The American MTS began the process of introducing LTE a year earlier.

GPRS - second to third generation

The development of the CELLPAC protocol (1991-1993) was a turning point in the development of cellular communications. 22 US patents received. LTE, UMTS are considered the descendants of technology. Packet data transmission is designed to speed up the exchange of information. The project is designed to improve GSM networks (frequencies are listed above). The user is obliged to the service to obtain technologies:

1. Access to the Internet.
2. Obsolete "click to talk".
3. Messenger.

The overlap of two technologies (SMS, GPRS) speeds up the process many times over. The specification supports IP, PPP, X.25 protocols. Packages continue to arrive even during a call.

EDGE

The next step in the evolution of GSM is conceived by AT&T (USA). Compact-EDGE has taken the D-AMPS niche. The frequencies are listed above.

UMTS - full-fledged 3G

The first generation, which required updating the equipment of the base stations. The frequency grid has changed. The maximum line rate for a line that takes advantage of HSPA + is 42 Mbps. Really achievable speeds significantly exceed 9.6 kbps GSM. Starting in 2006, countries started to renew themselves. By using orthogonal frequency multiplexing, the 3GPP committee set out to achieve the 4G level. The Early Birds were released in 2002. Initially, the developer set the following frequencies:

1. .2025 MHz. An upstream connected branch.
2. .2200 MHz. Downstream connected branch.

Since the USA already used 1900 MHz, it chose the 1710..1755 segments; 2110..2155 MHz. Many countries followed America's example. The frequency 2100 MHz is too busy. Hence the numbers given at the beginning:

• 850/1900 MHz. Moreover, 2 channels are selected using one range. Either 850 or 1900.

Agree, it is incorrect to braid GSM, following a bad common example. The second generation used a half-duplex single channel, UMTS used two at once (5 MHz wide).

Frequency grid UMTS Russia

The first attempt to distribute the spectra took place from February 3 to March 3, 1992. The solution was adapted by the Geneva conference (1997). It was the S5.388 specification that fixed the ranges:

• 1885-2025 MHz.
• 2110-2200 MHz.

The decision required further clarification. The commission identified 32 ultra-channels, 11 constituted an unused reserve. Most of the others received qualifying names, since individual frequencies coincided. Russia rejected European practice, disdaining the United States, adopting 2 channels (bands) UMTS-FDD:

1. No. 8. 900 MHz - E-GSM. The ascending branch is 880..915 MHz, the descending branch is 925..960 MHz.
2. No. 3. 1800 MHz - DCS. Ascending branch - 1710..1785 MHz, descending - 1805..1880 MHz.

The characteristics of the cell phone should be selected according to the information provided. The Wikipedia table revealing the frequency plan of planet Earth is completely useless. Forgot to take into account the Russian specifics. Europe operates the nearby IMT channel # 1. In addition, there is a UMTS-TDD grid. The equipment of the two types of overhead networks is incompatible.

LTE - 3G +

Evolutionary continuation of the GSM-GPRS-UMTS connection. Can serve as a superstructure for CDMA2000 networks. Only a multi-frequency phone is capable of providing LTE technology. Experts directly indicate the place below the fourth generation. Contrary to the claims of marketers. Initially, the ITU-R organization recognized the technology as appropriate, later the position was revised.

LTE is a registered trademark of ETSI. The key idea was the use of signal processors and the introduction of innovative ways of modulating the carrier. IP-addressing of subscribers was found to be expedient. The interface has lost backward compatibility, the frequency spectrum has changed again. The first mesh (2004) was launched by the Japanese company NTT DoCoMo. The exhibition version of the technology overtook Moscow in hot May 2010.

Following the experience of UMTS, the developers implemented two air protocol options:

1. LTE-TDD. Time division of channels. The technology is widely supported by China, South Korea, Finland, Switzerland. Availability of a single frequency channel (1850..3800 MHz). Partially overlaps with WiMAX, upgrade is possible.
2. LTE-FDD. Frequency division of channels (separately downstream, upstream).

The frequency plans of the 2 technologies are different, 90% of the core design is the same. Samsung, Qualcomm produce phones that can handle both protocols. Occupied ranges:

1. North America. 700, 750, 800, 850, 1900, 1700/2100, 2300, 2500, 2600 MHz.
2. South America. 2500 MHz.
3. Europe. 700, 800, 900, 1800, 2600 MHz.
4. Asia. 800, 1800, 2600 MHz.
5. Australia, New Zealand. 1800, 2300 MHz.

Russia

Russian operators have chosen LTE-FDD technology, they use frequencies:

1. 800 MHz.
2. 1800 MHz.
3. 2600 MHz.

LTE-A - 4G

The frequencies remained the same (see LTE). Timeline of launches:

1. On October 9, 2012, Yota acquired 11 base stations.
2. Megafon on February 25, 2014 covered the Garden Ring of the capital.
3. Beeline has been operating on LTE 800, 2600 MHz since August 5, 2014.

For all of us who love "cinafonini", we often come across the speech of the infamous "Banda 20" or simply called "800Mhz". In reality, this question is at the same time simple, but difficult, and in this article I will explain why.

I do not want to bore you with technical data, incomprehensible to the majority (including me), I intend to explain in a simple way what the inconvenience can be when buying a phone that does not support this frequency band.

What is 20 band (800Mhz)

The 800 Mhz frequency band, also called the 20 band, is one of 3 available with public auctions in 2011 for data transfer high speed 4G LTE. At the same auction, the other available frequencies were 1800Mhz and 2600Mhz. These 3 frequencies carry data at different rates and different characteristics. faster and suitable for very crowded places 2600Mhz, the fastest of them is 800Mhz which has extended range and penetration in buildings the best of 2600Mhz. The 1800Mhz band (arguably the most used today) remains a good middle ground.

At the famous auction, 4 major Italian operators divided the frequencies as follows:

• TIM
• Vodafone Band 20 (800Mhz) / Band 3 (1800Mhz) / Band 7 (2600Mhz)
• H3G Band 3 (1800Mhz) / 7 Band (2600Mhz)
• wind Band 20 (800Mhz) Band 7 (2600Mhz)

It is quite clear from this table that whoever has it as an operator 3 Italy (H3G) You won't notice any difference between using a phone with or without a 20 band.

clients Tim and Vodafone depending on the work areas, they may suffer from a lack of bandwidth 20. Both operators, with both 1800Mhz and 2600Mhz at their disposal, in large urban centers and in all those areas near the transmitting antennas will not notice any difference because they will “plug in” one of these frequencies, both in rural areas and inside buildings. especially "closed" reception in 4G can be compromised.

Different is a conversation for users wind that, being unable to provide a frequency of 1800Mhz, using 800Mhz as the main band. Thus, in large urban centers, served by a frequency of 2600Mhz, the sail is in 4G, while in all other cases, the maximum connection speed that HSPA +

What is the Difference Between LTE 20 Band and HSPA +

As we said, 800Mhz speed is the slowest of 4G can actually reach 75Mbps downloads in Italy (while 1800Mhz and 2600Mhz reach 150Mbps). The stage below is that an HSPA plus (H +) connection can get up to 42Mbps and will be accessible from any smartphone lacking band 20. These values ​​are a theoretical reference because in fact the actual baud rate is almost always much lower. These speeds obviously depend on the quality of the signal our phone receives. So not even sure if a 4G connection in the 20 band is faster than one on HSPA +. At the same time, the presence of the 800Mhz group will always be better than not having it, but not having it in many cases does not matter.

imposition of a new

• It would be better to have a group of 20
• 20 Band (800Mhz) - * This is the slowest of 4G * Covers long distances * Better penetrates buildings
• Band 7 (2600Mhz) - * This is the fastest of 4G and is suitable for crowded areas * Covers less distances * Difficulty of penetrating buildings
• Band 3 (1800Mhz) - * Average path between 800Mhz and 2600Mhz
• In large urban centers, the band used by all carriers is 2600Mhz, so no carrier should have difficulty watching LTE
• In the current state of Italian mobile networks, browsing in HSPA + instead of LTE on 800Mhz band does not compromise browser performance and may not make any difference.

Among other things, the merger between H3G and Wind recently became official, so a new operator is coming soon, which will probably use all frequencies available for 2. In this case, even former Wind users can benefit from the 1800Mhz band.